Endpoint-Hosted Hypervisor Management

ABSTRACT

A client hypervisor comprises a virtual agent that runs outside of a system OS and that allows device management independent of the OS and user. The virtual agent is tied to a device and not a specific instance of the OS. Such client hypervisors expose new functionality to ease managing systems. Some of these capabilities come from the persistence and privileges outside the OS. In some embodiments of the invention, this new management functionality is exposed to allow device management via new virtualization concepts, such as multiple VMs per system, VM replacement, snapshot/rollback, etc.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/917,344, filed Nov. 1, 2010, which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/257,356, filed Nov. 2, 2009, each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference thereto.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The invention relates to electronic networks. More particularly, the invention relates to endpoint-hosted hypervisor management.

2. Description of the Background Art

There has lately been great interest in virtualization technologies of all forms. Many virtualization technologies enhance or replace core solutions that various companies currently offer. It is thus de rigueur that information technology companies become very familiar and work with emerging virtualization technologies wherever possible to stay relevant and deliver customer value.

One approach is to provide server-hosted virtualization technologies. While server-hosted virtualization technologies are useful for task workers, such approach has serious drawbacks: It is expensive, requiring a data center, storage, and network facilities; there are serious latency and network issues; server hosting gives rise to centralization of failure; and such approach handles mobile computers poorly. It would therefore be advantageous to provide improved approaches to the use of virtualization technology, especially with regard to electronic networks.

BRIEF SUMMARY

An embodiment of the invention provides a client hypervisor. One of the management benefits of client hypervisors involves managing a system outside of the operating system (OS), as well as providing additional management capabilities.

Running management agents inside of the OS is required for many management functions, such as installing software, managing configurations, etc. But, management agents suffer from many problems when running inside the OS, such as the fact that customers frequently give administrative access to their end users, and any user with administrative access can disable management agents. Further, many types of malware attempt to disable management agents. An embodiment of the invention provides the capability to run an agent that is not contained in the OS, and thus gives a new level of persistence and control to an organization IT staff.

This embodiment of the invention provides a virtual agent, referred to herein as a vAgent, that runs outside of the system OS and that allows organizations a way to manage a device independent of the OS and user. Thus, users do not interact directly with the vAgent because its only job is to allow central management of the device. The vAgent is tied to the device and not the specific instance of the OS. This arrangement helps organizations track devices vs. OSes/Virtual Machines (VMs) and helps organizations maintain visibility into OSes/VMs in which the user has full control.

Client hypervisors expose new functionality to ease managing systems. Some of these capabilities come from the persistence and privileges outside the OS. In some embodiments of the invention, this new management functionality is exposed to allow device management via new virtualization concepts, such as multiple VMs per system, VM replacement, snapshot/rollback, etc.

The following capabilities are provided by the invention to help manage a system:

-   -   OS/Image deployment—Deploy, delete, and manage images;     -   Disk Mgmt—Allocate, partition, and assign disks to VMs;     -   Device Mgmt—Assign, remove, and set permissions of devices for         VMs;     -   Introspection—“look inside” the VMs from the vAgent;     -   Snapshot/Rollback—Take snapshots of system states; and     -   VM Channel—Communicate between VMs and with the vAgent.

The invention also allows the following new functionality:

-   -   Enterprise-wide visibility—Much less worry about disabled         management agents;     -   VM Deployment/Migration—Bring a new VM to the system, e.g. for         OS upgrade, break/fix, backup VM, etc.;     -   End-of-Life VM—Delete VMs and confirm data is gone;     -   User Data Drive—Separate user data to allow multiple VMs to         access data;     -   “Kiosk/Lab Mode”—Revert to previous state in specific         environments;     -   Device Control—Control which VMs/users can access different         system devices, such as USB storage devices; and     -   Offline updates for VMs—Update in the background.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block schematic diagram of a state of the art computer architecture;

FIG. 2 is a block schematic diagram of a state of the art computer architecture that includes an agent within the operating system;

FIG. 3 is a block schematic diagram of a state of the art computer architecture that includes virtualization;

FIG. 4 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture that includes a vAgent according to the invention;

FIG. 5 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing the vAgent architecture according to the invention;

FIG. 6 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing a bridged mode network configuration according to the invention;

FIG. 7 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing a NAT mode network configuration according to the invention;

FIG. 8 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing an emergency VM via the vAgent architecture according to the invention;

FIGS. 9 a and 9 b are block schematic diagrams of a computer architecture showing an emergency VM according to the invention;

FIG. 10 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing end of life options via the vAgent architecture according to the invention;

FIG. 11 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing a virtual data drive via the vAgent architecture according to the invention;

FIG. 12 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing a protected agent via the vAgent architecture according to the invention;

FIG. 13 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing a heartbeat for a protected agent according to the invention; and

FIG. 14 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing offline patching and configuration management via the vAgent architecture according to the invention;

FIG. 15 is a second block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing offline patching and configuration management via the vAgent architecture according to the invention;

FIG. 16 is a third block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing offline patching and configuration management via the vAgent architecture according to the invention;

FIG. 17 is a fourth block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing offline patching and configuration management via the vAgent architecture according to the invention;

FIGS. 18 a and 18 b are block schematic diagrams of a computer architecture showing system inspection, agent communications, and management via the vAgent architecture according to the invention;

FIG. 19 is a block schematic diagram showing feature mapping in an endpoint virtualization platform according to the invention;

FIG. 20 is a block schematic diagram showing OS deployment in a state of the art computer architecture;

FIG. 21 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing OS deployment via the vAgent architecture according to the invention;

FIG. 22 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing OS deployment options via the vAgent architecture according to the invention;

FIG. 23 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing a wake-on-LAN network configuration according to the invention;

FIGS. 24 a-24 e are block schematic diagrams of a computer architecture showing a reimaging operation according to the invention;

FIG. 25 is a block schematic diagram of a machine in the exemplary form of a computer system within which a set of instructions for causing the machine to perform any one of the foregoing methodologies may be executed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This document discusses basic functionality and outlines specifics regarding capabilities of components within a virtual management platform. Further discussed are specific use-cases, for example:

-   -   Provisioning     -   End of life     -   Removable Device Management     -   Emergency Partition     -   Relay     -   Protected Process     -   Data Drive     -   Persistence Mode     -   Offline patching and configuration management

This document also covers advanced features enabled by the use of a vAgent, specifically:

-   -   Snapshot/Rollback     -   Security partition, including out-of-band malware and traffic         filtering     -   Remote control even when the desktop OS does not boot     -   Disk encryption     -   Trusted Computing Platform     -   Dual VMs

Terminology

Specific terminology used in this document has the following meaning:

Hypervisor—sometimes called the VMM virtual machine monitor.

CHVD—the client hosted virtual desktop, in a presently preferred embodiment, Linux modified with a hypervisor.

Administrative environment—sometimes known as domain 0 or dom0.

vServer—A container abstracted from the administrative environment that can host many components of the virtual management platform.

Agent—an agent, such as the BigFix agent.

Administrative agent—name used to distinguish agent inside the administrative environment.

VM agent—name used to distinguish agent running inside VM.

AgentHelper—a helper application that encapsulates operations on virtual machines.

Notification forwarder—operational equivalent of relay registration/message forwarding logic.

VMP—the virtual management platform, also referred to as the virtual management appliance (VMA) or vAgent, this is the term used to refer to the following software: Administrative agent, VMPAdmin API, AgentHelper, NotificationForwarder, VM agent, and VMPGuest API.

VMPAdmin API—API used to get/set properties and perform administrative operations by the Administrative agent.

VMPGuest API—API agent running in a guest virtual machine uses to perform operations.

Bridged Mode, where administrative environment, vServer, and each VM have their own publically addressable IP.

NAT mode, where the administrative environment has a publically addressable IP, all others have NAT addresses.

Discussion

FIG. 1 is a block schematic diagram of a state of the art computer architecture, in which an operating system 10 executions various applications 11 while running on a hardware based platform 12. FIG. 2 is a block schematic diagram of a state of the art computer architecture that includes an agent 20 within the operating system. The agent is used to manage various aspects of the system, for example as implemented in a system such as the provided by BigFix, Inc. of Emeryville, Calif. FIG. 3 is a block schematic diagram of a state of the art computer architecture that includes virtualization. In FIG. 3, such virtualization provides a plurality of virtual machines 34, 35, each of which executes its own respective applications 36, 37. A virtual machine monitor 32 interfaces the virtual machines to a hypervisor 30 which, in turn, executes all system operations via the hardware platform 12. As discussed above, these state of the art approaches are limited in their ability to provide robust system management functions and features.

FIG. 4 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture that includes a vAgent 42 according to the invention. Hypervisors, in accordance with the embodiment of the herein disclosed invention, provide a new layer of management that is superior to the virtual machines that they run. From this layer, the virtual machines can be seen and controlled, new capabilities can be delivered, and new guarantees can be made on existing capabilities. Thus, the vAgent shown in FIG. 4 operates in conjunction with agents 40, 41 within respective virtual machines 34, 35, as further described below.

The containment hierarchy shown in FIG. 4, is shown in greater detail in FIG. 5, which is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing the vAgent architecture according to the invention. In FIG. 5, the host hardware 12 runs the CHVD which, in this embodiment, comprises the Linux OS modified to include the hypervisor 30/32. The hypervisor supports an administrative environment (dom0) which includes the vServer (virtual management appliance) 42. The vServer includes the vAgent (the Administrative agent) 50, an AgentHelper (vRelay) 52, and a NotificationForwarder (Virtual Management Platform) 54. The hypervisor also supports one or more virtual machines, e.g. VM1 34 and VM2 35, each having a respective VM agent 40, 41.

The Administrative agent in this embodiment needs network access and hard disk of approximately 100 mb to accommodate its software and data, although other embodiments may be provided with less hard disk requirements. Should a Relay also be configured to execute in the Administrative environment, additional storage to accommodate gathering, reporting, and downloads is also necessary.

Provisioning

Various embodiments contemplate any of several provisioning scenarios, which include for example:

Installing the CHVD on a Machine with an Existing Desktop OS

Transforming an existing Windows OS running on physical hardware to a virtual machine running under a CHVD on the same machine. A robust and reliable process would have these attributes:

-   -   Can be accomplished by launching a windows installer package in         the running OS. The package should be compatible with a variety         of newer window operating systems such as Windows XP, Windows         Vista, and Windows 7.     -   The package should determine if the hardware and operating         system meet installation requirements. By default, the         installation package should refuse to run if the requirements         are not met, but there should be an option to override this         behavior.     -   Handle power failures in the middle of the operation, either         requiring to start over, or to resume the operation.

The transformed system should include the Administrative environment, and the Administrative agent should be configured. This requires the placement of two configuration files next to the Administrative agent in the resulting system.

It is also important that the transformed system provide connectivity to both the Administrative agent and the encapsulated operating system without any further setup. The desired network (bridge or NAT) configuration should be specified during the installation step.

In the transformed system, several attributes available during the image capture process should be stored and later be made available to the Administrative agent context through VMPAdmin API's. These attributes are used to establish the relationship between virtual machines and the source images from which they were created:

-   -   Capture time of source image     -   Capture computer name of source image     -   Operating system of source image     -   Architecture of source image

The following attributes should be captured at VM creation time and they should be available in the Administration agent for each virtual machine. These can also be used to track some history, distinguish the image from others:

-   -   Creation time of virtual machine     -   Name of virtual machine     -   GUID of virtual machine     -   Disk file path of virtual machine

The following attributes should be both inspectable, as well as settable, for each virtual machine in the Administration agent and these attributes can be both get and set throughout the virtual machines lifetime:

-   -   Name of virtual machine     -   CPU allocation of virtual machine     -   RAM allocation of virtual machine     -   Disk allocation of virtual machine     -   Network adapter allocation of virtual machine     -   Show in boot menu of virtual machine     -   Boot menu entry of virtual machine     -   Boot menu order of virtual machine     -   Primary VM of virtual machine     -   Device access rules of virtual machine     -   Device pass-through attributes of virtual machine

Note that any of the above items may require more than a single property value to characterize the allocated resource. In addition, the above lists are not exhaustive and various embodiments can require additional attributes.

Other attributes of the virtual machines should be available, including:

-   -   Last run time of virtual machine     -   Last boot time of virtual machine     -   Running state of virtual machine (running, paused, stopped)

Administrative agent operations:

-   -   Locate and configure deployment masthead and configuration file         at startup     -   Boot a desktop VM

Administrative agent modifications:

-   -   a. On first start look in predefined locations for masthead and         configuration, copy them to expected location     -   b. AgentHelper command to start VM     -   c. Inspectors to provide visibility into attributes listed above

VMPAdmin API functionality:

-   -   source image attributes         -   API's for accessing properties listed in source image             attributes     -   virtual machine attributes         -   API's for accessing properties listed in virtual machine             attributes     -   settable virtual machine attributes         -   API's to set virtual machine attributes listed in settable             virtual machine attributes

Installer functionality:

-   -   a. Installer must provide method to pass masthead and agent         configuration at install     -   b. Installer already contains vServer with Administrative agent         contained within     -   c. Installer provides the option to not boot the VM upon         completion.     -   d. Installer captures source image attributes as defined above.     -   e. Installer captures the creation time and GUID of the virtual         machine     -   f. Installer allows configuration of initial values of CPU, ram,         disk, network adapter allocations.

Bare Metal Provisioning of the CHVD and the Administrative Environment

There are several obstacles to deploying a bare-metal CHVD, among them:

-   -   An image format and infrastructure for deploying the CHVD either         through portable media or PXE boot.     -   The configuration of the bare-metal CHVD image for specific         deployments.     -   The pre/post provisioning of a VM to the bare-metal CHVD.

One CHVD is built around Linux with heavy modifications to the underlying kernel and the addition of a modified Xen hypervisor. In one embodiment, the CHVD is configured with an Administrative environment that contains a properly configured Administrative agent. This is captured in an image for the specific deployment. This allows a fully functioning CHVD to be deployed, complete with a management agent that is configured for the specific deployment.

Once deployed, the Administrative agent then provisions a VM to that CHVD. Additional steps in the bare-metal image preparation process involve including a desktop VM configured for first boot. This allows a CHVD to be delivered that already includes a desktop at the completion of bare-metal install.

Capturing a Source Image

One important part of provisioning is where a source image is captured. This requires a cross-functional tool set that maps very closely to what is currently done in OS image management. Tools are provided that can capture a running machine, reset all settings that make that particular install unique, and set it up for first boot. These attributes could be captured and move along with the source image:

-   -   Capture time of source image     -   Capture computer name of source image     -   Operating system of source image     -   Architecture of source image

Administrative agent modifications:

-   -   Inspectors to access attributes of source images and virtual         machines.

VMPAdmin API functionality:

-   -   Create source image meta data and associate it with a source         image

Provisioning a VM

Once there are captured source images and the CHVD has been deployed, it is possible to create virtual machines, and to bootstrap source images into useful operating environments.

At VM creation the following attributes should be saved:

-   -   Creation time of virtual machine     -   GUID of virtual machine     -   Disk file path of virtual machine

At VM creation, and subsequently, the following attributes are configurable:

-   -   Name of virtual machine     -   CPU allocation of virtual machine     -   RAM allocation of virtual machine     -   Disk allocation of virtual machine     -   Network adapter allocation of virtual machine     -   Device access rules of virtual machine     -   Device pass-through attributes of virtual machine

These VM attributes are automatically kept up to date by management operations:

-   -   Last run time of virtual machine     -   Last boot time of virtual machine     -   Running state of virtual machine (running, paused, stopped)

A boot menu is needed for the end user to select a machine other than what is currently set as the primary VM. VMs can be optionally added to the boot menu by the operator at provisioning time and subsequently by configuration. The boot menu is accessed by a keystroke at machine start. The notion of the primary VM is also configurable at provisioning time, the primary VM always boots unless there is user interaction through the boot menu. When there is no primary VM designated, or multiple primary VMs are designated, the boot menu is always shown.

At VM creation, and subsequently, the following attributes would configure the boot menu:

-   -   Show in boot menu of virtual machine     -   Boot menu entry of virtual machine     -   Boot menu order of virtual machine     -   Primary VM of virtual machine

As with provisioning by transforming an existing operating system, attributes of the captured image, as well as the virtual machine creation attributes, should be available from within the Administrative agent by way of the VMPAdmin API.

Administrative agent operations:

-   -   AgentHelper command to download a source image and metadata from         repository     -   AgentHelper command to create a VM container given a set of         physical resources, configuration parameters     -   AgentHelper command to configure boot sequence for PXE/CDROM/ISO         image source install of OS     -   AgentHelper commands to configure hardware characteristics of VM     -   AgentHelper commands to configure VM for boot and boot menu         entry     -   AgentHelper commands to start/stop/pause VM

Administrative agent modifications:

-   -   Inspectors to enumerate list of VMs     -   Inspectors to enumerate external meta data of virtual machines

Agent Operations:

-   -   Ability to detect the unique virtual machine identifier

Agent Modifications:

-   -   Inspector to expose GUID of virtual machine

VMPAdmin API functionality:

-   -   Virtual Machine operations from the Administrative agent         -   Create a VM container.         -   Configure VM resource and device rules and device             pass-through (see device provisioning)         -   Configure VM boot order         -   Specify CDROM/ISO/boot image file for mounting to VM         -   Start/Stop/Pause VM.         -   Remove VM.     -   Virtual machine enumeration         -   API's to enumerate list of VMs.     -   Virtual machine attributes         -   APIs to access external properties of VMs.

Network Configuration

There are two primary modes of network configurations: Bridged Mode and NAT Mode. FIG. 6 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing a bridged mode network configuration according to the invention; and FIG. 7 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing a NAT mode network configuration according to the invention.

In Bridged mode, the Host OS, the Administrative agent 191, and each VM 193, 194 receive publically addressable IP addresses. This allows the administrative environment 190 to avoid heavy modification to the current Agent/Relay infrastructure. However, this requires that three publically addressable IP's are assigned to each physical machine. This may or may not be acceptable in existing environments, where IP address space is in short supply. If the Administrative agent were to run in the host OS, this would be reduced to two IP addresses. For each additional concurrent VM, one more IP would be necessary.

In NAT mode, only the host OS is assigned a publically addressable IP, the Administrative agent and each VM receive NAT IP addresses. In this mode, all deployment port traffic is routed by configuration of a port forwarding rule in the host OS that would direct traffic entering the machine on the deployment port to the Administrative agents NAT address. A notification forwarder is running that forwards notifications to particular agents by their NAT addresses. In this configuration all agents running on the physical machine use a modified registration process to allow the Administrative agent to select the parent relay for them, and for notifications to be forwarded to them.

Administrative agent operations:

-   -   Relay selection thru local NotificationForwarder     -   Ability to switch network modes to and from NAT and bridge

Administrative agent modifications:

-   -   Inspectors for all items are discussed below in connection with         Relay selection.     -   Adjust relay selection and registration logic per the discussion         below in connection with Relay selection     -   AgentHelper command to set desired network mode

NotificationForwarder operations:

-   -   Facilitate modified registration interaction     -   Keep track of client registration list (computer id, IP address)     -   Listen for TCP commands on deployment port, forward as UDP based         on computer id.

VM agent operations:

-   -   Relay selection thru local NotificationForwarder     -   Technique to gather, report, download from parent relay         configured by Administrative agent

VM agent modifications:

-   -   Inspectors for all items listed in the discussion below in         connection with Relay selection.     -   Adjust relay selection and registration logic in the discussion         below in connection with Relay selection     -   Adjust gathering, reporting, downloading to be able to come         directly from parent relay, bypassing the NotificationForwarder         for these communications.

VMPAdmin API functionality:

-   -   Relay selection         -   API's for all items listed in the discussion below in             connection with Relay selection     -   Set network mode         -   API to set desired network mode     -   Set VM Agent Communications Configuration         -   API's to set VM agent IP address to register through and             parent relay to gather, report, and download from because it             bypasses the forwarder for these communications and             communicates directly with the parent relay selected by the             Administrative agent.

VMPGuest API functionality:

-   -   Relay selection         -   API's for all items listed in the discussion below in             connection with Relay selection     -   Get VM Agent Communications Configuration         -   API to collect communications configuration (parent relay to             gather, report, download from).

Hardware Device Configuration

Hypervisors provide various ways to abstract physical devices from virtual machines. These devices can be abstracted in the following three ways.

Pass-through—a technique in which the actual hardware is presented to a single virtual machine, and other virtual machines do not see the hardware. This enables device specific optimizations to take place between the driver running in the virtual machine and the hardware.

Emulation—a software emulation of a device is performed by the hypervisor, and the virtual machines interact with the device as if it was a real hardware device. This is the simplest form of implementing an I/O device on a hypervisor, but it is also the least efficient due to the additional software layer required to access the physical device.

Para-virtualized—more efficient than emulation, this method creates a virtual I/O device where software running inside the virtual machine is aware of the fact that it is running on a hypervisor. The virtual machine drivers are aware of special operations that can be performed with the underlying virtual machine in order to improve performance.

Some embodiments achieve benefits by creating virtual machines where most devices are configured for emulation or para-virtualization. Depending on the abilities of the hypervisor, this increases the likelihood that the same source image can be provisioned to run on a variety of hardware.

In situations where the resulting performance is insufficient, or where the hypervisor does not support the underlying device, the hypervisor can be configured to provide pass-through for the device.

Administrative agent operations:

-   -   Ability to inspect physical hardware devices such as         manufacture, model, device type     -   Ability to inspect configured pass-through attributes each         device of each VM     -   AgentHelper command to specify pass-through attribute of a         device on a VM     -   AgentHelper command to attach/detach device to VM

Administrative agent modifications:

-   -   Inspectors for physical hardware of machine     -   Inspectors for pass-through attributes of devices of VMs

Agent Operations:

-   -   For the class of situations where the OS can facilitate install         of the driver:     -   Administrative agent would:         -   1. Configure appropriate device for pass-through to VM.     -   VM agent would:         -   1. Download driver         -   2. Changes OS to look for driver in known location.         -   3. Pause until appropriate device is configured for             pass-through.         -   4. Restart the VM (not the machine).

VMPAdmin API functionality:

-   -   peripheral device characteristics         -   Functions to enumerate external properties of machine     -   configured device attributes         -   Functions to get configured device attributes     -   settable virtual machine device attributes         -   Functions to set device attributes     -   Attach/Detach device to VM         -   Functions to attach/detach device to VM     -   VMPAdmin—VMPGuest communications         -   Query mechanisms between VMPGuest and VMPAdmin

VMPGuest API functionality:

-   -   Get device pass-through configuration         -   Function to query device pass-through configuration given             device

Removable Device Management

Removable device management is defined here as the ability to configure the hypervisor to control which VMs may have access to removable devices, such as USB, SD/MMC/CF, CDROM, DVD, PCMCIA/ExpressCard, and wireless cards. This provides security from outside the operating image, providing a device control mechanism that the virtual machine cannot bypass from within its context.

The hypervisor is configured by the Administrative agent using VMPAdmin API functions to specify what should happen when devices are inserted. Once configured, the hypervisor can deny access, allow access, and delegate the access decision to the end user. The configuration should specify the behavior:

-   -   For each virtual machine     -   For each device type (USB, SD, PCMCIA, etc.)     -   By characteristics of the device or media being inserted into         the machine, such as the device manufacturer, media serial         number, and or media mount label

The configuration should specify these kinds of configuration rules:

-   -   Disable USB for all virtual machines     -   Disable USB to the primary and emergency partition, unless the         device inserted into the USB is manufactured by ‘company-x’ or         within a specified serial number range     -   Only allow access to the PCMCIA device to the virtual machine         named ‘x’     -   Disable wireless access to all virtual machines     -   Allow the end user to specify which running virtual machine         should be granted access to the USB when it is inserted

The configuration is used by the hypervisor when it detects the insertion of the device. It enforces the configuration by processing the rules for each virtual machine.

A set of access rules is specified for each VM. The access rules include the ability to specify the device type to which the rule applies, as well as the desired access operation performed. The rules should be processed and rules matching in the type of device should be considered. If no rule is found that matches the type of device, access should be allowed. Thus, an empty access rule set for a virtual machine allows access to any device by the virtual machine. In situations where the access rules prove ambiguous, a tie-breaking rule is applied and the device is assigned to the first virtual machine that satisfied the rules. One formatting of a particular virtual machines device configuration file comprises a line oriented comma delimited file each line containing a device access rule of the form:

-   -   rule, <type_of_device>, <access>, <matching_rule>         where <type_of_device> is one of:     -   USB     -   PCMCIA     -   express     -   CDROM     -   wireless         where <access> is one of:     -   allow     -   allow-read only     -   deny     -   user-choice         where <matching_rule> is optional or one of:     -   manufacturer=<name>     -   serial_number_range=<low>,<hi>     -   label=<label>

There are other properties of devices and device media for which matching rules can be specified.

Inspectors used as part of the management architecture, such as provided by BigFix of Emeryville, Calif., align with these names if possible:

-   -   types of removable devices of <virtual machine>—strings USB,         PCMCIA, express, CDROM, wireless     -   mounted of removable devices of <virtual machine>—Boolean     -   access rules of removable devices of <virtual machine>—strings         formatted as described above     -   manufacturer of mounted removable devices of <virtual machine>     -   serial number of mounted removable devices of <virtual machine>     -   label of mounted removable devices of <virtual machine>

With the above inspectors, a serialization of all the access rules can be built using relevance.

Administrative agent operations:

-   -   enumerate device policy access rules for every VM     -   AgentHelper command to set device policy rules for VM from a         file     -   AgentHelper command to save device policy rules for VM to a file

Administrative agent modifications:

-   -   Inspectors that can enumerate device policy access rules for VM

VMPAdmin API functionality:

-   -   Configured device attributes         -   a. Functions to expose the information listed as inspectors             above.     -   Settable Virtual machine attributes         -   a. Functions to set device policy access rules for a VM from             a file or memory

Relay

There are situations where it is desirable to deploy a Linux relay in a virtual machine, or in the vServer. This can facilitate a better licensing model for situations where Microsoft requires server class licenses on desktop machines where their operating system is facilitating communications.

A few special considerations should be made when a relay is to be deployed:

-   -   VM responsiveness         -   The relays resource usage may reduce the desktop VM's             performance where it is unusable or unresponsive.     -   If the relay is deployed in a vServer         -   In NAT mode             -   NotificationForwarder should be disabled             -   port forwarding rule should be put in place to relay             -   relay can be advertised in relays.dat with external IP                 address         -   In Bridge mode             -   NotificationForwarder should be disabled             -   Port forwarding rule should be removed             -   Relay can be advertised in relays.dat with external IP                 address     -   If the relay is deployed to a VM         -   In NAT mode             -   This allows deployment of a windows relay to the virtual                 machine.             -   In one embodiment, the Administrative agent and the VM                 agents behave as if the relay were not there.             -   Should a relay find itself running in a VM in NAT mode                 it can                 -   Log a message and refuse to run in this mode.             -   A VM agent running in this context should ignore the                 relay in the VM with it.         -   In Bridge mode             -   NotificationForwarder should be disabled             -   port forwarding rule should be removed             -   Relay can be advertised in relays.dat with external IP                 address

Other than the above considerations, a relay can behave in all other respects as a normal relay.

VMP Functionality:

-   -   Relay selection     -   Set network mode     -   Get VM Agent Communications Configuration     -   Set VM Agent Communications Configuration

Snapshot/Rollback

In the context of system administration, snapshot/rollback are useful to restore a machine to a useable state. It would be best if this function could preserve end user data, but this requires separation of system state from user data, a difficult problem (see the ‘data drive’ use case for one approach to mitigating this problem). In situations where loss of user data is mitigated or acceptable, this is still a useful capability.

Hypervisors provide the ability to create snapshots of virtual machine images, and to rollback a virtual machine to a snapshot. The snapshot operation can come in a variety forms. Among them:

-   -   Take a snapshot while the VM is running     -   Pause a VM, then take a snapshot, then resume the VM     -   Take a snapshot of a stopped VM

Take a snapshot while the VM is running—If it is possible to snapshot a running image without disturbing the end-user, it is conceivable to periodically take snapshots in preparation for subsequent failure. This could be performed by the Administrative agent on a periodic basis, without any knowledge of the timing of changes taking place within the virtual machine. It is also of value for the agent to have an ability to trigger a snapshot of the virtual machine in which it is running, as it might do when it is about to run an action.

Should this operation be too disruptive to occur at arbitrary times, it is still possible to take the snapshot during certain states of the virtual machine when it is unlikely or impossible for the operation to impact the end user as when a virtual machine has no user logged in, or a screen saver is running.

For the hypervisor to support this form of snapshot, the following operations are necessary:

-   -   From the VM agent—Send a message from inside the virtual machine         that requests that a snapshot be taken. Be able to tell that the         operation has completed.     -   From the Administrative agent—Trigger a snapshot.     -   From the Administrative agent—Detect that a virtual machine is         in particular states, such that the screen saver is running, or         that no user is logged in.     -   Provide the ability to have the Administrative agent cause a         user interface to be presented to the end-users desktop to         coordinate when the snapshot should begin and to give a progress         indication. The user interface might allow the user to cancel         the operation, or approve it.     -   While the snapshot is in progress, we would require that a         status message be displayed on the desktop indicating that a         snapshot is being taken, with a progress indicator.

Pause a VM, then take a snapshot, then resume the VM—If this operation is possible, we have logic in the Administrative agent that triggers when a snapshot should occur. We need the same set of operations as identified above. The snapshot progress indications would be shown even when the virtual machine is not running

Take a snapshot of a stopped VM—It might still be of some value to only be able to take a snapshot when the virtual machine is in a stopped state. However, the machine may seldom get stopped, and it would be necessary to notice that a snapshot it overdue, and to trigger a shutdown/snapshot/startup operation, with timing considerations provided to the end-user and operations available as described above.

In addition to the above operations, management of snapshots is important and requires these additional operations be provided to the Administrative agent:

-   -   Enumerate snapshots, for each snapshot provide:         -   Virtual machine name of source         -   Date and time snapshot was taken         -   Size of snapshot         -   ID of snapshot     -   Delete a snapshot by ID.     -   Rollback an image to a particular snapshot ID.     -   In situations where virtual machine does not start, provide an         operation to show the end user a list of available snapshots,         let him choose, and then start or resume the particular         snapshot.     -   In a scenario where a virus has corrupted a machine, it is         desirable to restore to a particular snapshot, and then boot the         image in a fashion such that only the system communications port         is open to http traffic. If this can be achieved, the rollback         can be followed by management operations in the agent running         inside the VM to mitigate likelihood of subsequent infection.         This is comparable to offline patching. We need these         capabilities:         -   Resume or start a rollback image with limited network access             (list of ports where traffic is allowed).         -   Mechanism software running inside a particular virtual             machine can use to indicate that the network port block can             be removed.

Persistence Mode

Persistence mode is to be used when the Virtual Machine is expected to revert to its original state at every reboot. The Hypervisor achieves this by configuring the Virtual Machine to not write any changes to disk during operation. All changes are discarded on restart or shutdown. Virtual Machine persistence mode can implement the following functions:

-   -   Function to get current persistence mode of VM given image path     -   Function to set virtual machine to ignore all changes when it is         restarted     -   Function to set virtual machine to accept all changes as it is         running     -   Boot menu functionality

Administrative agent operations:

-   -   Set the VMs persistence state     -   Enumerate the VMs and detect their persistence property     -   Launch an application that can wait for the VM to transition to         a shut down state and change the VM state back to non-persistent

Administrative agent modifications:

-   -   Inspectors to enumerate VMs persistence property     -   Create a AgentHelper command to set persistence property of a VM     -   Create a AgentHelper command to poll for VM shutdown state and         return VM to persistent state

Agent Operations:

-   -   detect it is running in a non-persistent VM     -   be configurable to serialize it's state into persistent storage     -   shutdown VM when no pending actions and no restart pending state         is detected

Agent modifications:

-   -   Create an inspector to expose the persistence state of a VM     -   Configure the agent to serialize its configuration in a flat         file/database outside of the registry similar to the function of         the *nix agents. Also, configure the agent to store its content         and data files in a writable location     -   The agent should process all pending actions, as well as all         pending restarts and, when these have been exhausted, shutdown.

VMPAdmin API functionality:

-   -   Virtual machine enumeration     -   Data drive functions     -   Functions to persist data even when Data drive is mounted by a         VM running in non-persistent mode.     -   Virtual Machine persistence mode     -   Function to get current persistence mode of VM given image path.     -   Function to set virtual machine to persistent or non-persistent         mode.

Emergency VM

FIG. 8 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing an emergency VM 94 via the vAgent architecture according to the invention. The emergency VM:

-   -   Allows user access to computer if primary VM is         corrupted/infected/etc.     -   Emulated hardware for ease-of-management/ease-of-deployment     -   Optional “Revert on Restart”

FIGS. 9 a and 9 b are block schematic diagrams of a computer architecture showing an emergency VM according to the invention. The emergency VM 240 provides another VM that can be booted if the primary VM fails. An emergency partition is some predefined image that provides basic functionality. When the primary desktop image fails to boot, it is helpful to let the end user choose to boot to the emergency partition.

The partition might be considered an appliance, complete with OS, web browser, and limited set of tools needed until the primary partition can be repaired or replaced. The OS might be Linux, it might be Windows, or it might be an virtual machine comparable to a thin-client, where it would hook to a remote desktop that contains a useful emergency functionality.

Optionally, it would be useful if the emergency partition had the property that when it was shutdown, any changes that had been made to it while it was running would be forgotten, see Persistence mode discussed above.

Operations include:

-   -   Provision emergency partition as in provisioning above     -   End user is able to select emergency partition from a boot menu         when triggered by keystroke at boot time     -   The emergency partition is identifiable by some naming         convention in the boot menu entry.

End-of-Life

FIG. 10 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing end of life options via the vAgent architecture according to the invention. When a machine is being decommissioned from use, it is likely that processing the machine yields some valuable effects, especially the removal of data. Removal comes in two types: one in which the desktop images are deleted, the other where the entire disk is cleared.

Administrative agent operations:

-   -   Enumerate virtual machines     -   AgentHelper command to delete the bytes of a virtual machine         with optional secure wipe.     -   AgentHelper command to delete all bytes from physical disk with         optional secure wipe

Administrative agent modifications:

-   -   Inspectors to enumerate virtual machines

VMPAdmin API functionality:

-   -   Virtual machine enumeration         -   API's to enumerate list of VMs.     -   Image management operations/Delete a virtual machine         -   Function to delete bytes of a virtual machine with optional             secure wipe     -   Delete entire contents of physical disk (Delete Physical)         -   Function to delete all bytes from physical disk with             optional secure wipe.

EOLing a VM is a useful function. The EOL process in an embodiment includes the following steps:

-   -   vAgent stops the VM     -   vAgent mounts the VM disk     -   vAgent runs a Linux tool to wipe the bytes from VM disk     -   vAgent removes the VM and deletes the disk

Data Drive

FIG. 11 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing a virtual data drive 110 via the vAgent architecture according to the invention. A data drive is useful as a mechanism that separates specific data from the VM. It can also be used to share data between VMs, store user and/or application data, and can be backed up, copied, or moved as a convenient container. It can also be used to mount another virtual machine as a file system to collect files left on another virtual machine.

Various embodiments of the invention supports all of these applications by exposing the data drive as an SMB, NTFS, or network share to the VMs. Each data drive has any of the following properties:

-   -   Creation date     -   File system type     -   Size     -   Used Size     -   Path     -   Share name     -   date last modified     -   date last mounted     -   mount status         -   currently mounted,         -   names of VMs in which it is currently mounted,         -   names of VMs in which it is configured to be mounted

Administrative agent operations:

-   -   Enumerate existing set of data drives and their properties as         listed above     -   Create a data drive     -   Configure a VM to mount/unmount a data drive at boot     -   Delete a data drive     -   Mount/unmount drive for file operations

Administrative agent modifications:

-   -   Inspectors to enumerate and expose data drive properties     -   AgentHelper command to create a data drive given specifications     -   AgentHelper command to configure VM to mount/unmount data drive     -   AgentHelper command to delete a data drive     -   AgentHelper command to mount/unmount drive in a local context

VMPAdmin API functionality:

-   -   Data drive functions         -   Enumerate existing data drives and their properties         -   Create a data drive given size, file system type, path, and             data drive name         -   Configure a data drive for mount/unmount on boot given a VM             name and data drive name         -   Delete a data drive given a path and data drive name         -   Provide the ability to mount/unmount drive in a             Administrative environment while also mounted in VM

Variations:

Virtual Data Drive:

-   -   “Local Share” of user data     -   Data maintained outside of VMs     -   Data accessible by multiple VMs     -   Allows for ease of management, backup, deployment, migration,         etc.

User Data Drive:

-   -   A User Data drive is a concept where we store specific user         information separate from the VM     -   This allows us to make user data portable between VMs and even         machines     -   This allows the IT organization to effectively change operating         systems/VMs without the expensive migration step     -   The Agent can help change key operating system paths to help         enable this

User Data Drive Steps:

-   -   vAgent provisions a separate disk     -   vAgent attaches disk to VM     -   VM Agent identifies and reassigns key directories/registry keys         to separate User

Protected Process

FIG. 12 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing a protected agent via the vAgent architecture according to the invention. Companies often want to ensure control of their systems and protect them against tampering. This is a difficult task when the users are administrators and have full control of their computers. The Agent allows customers to gain control of their computers but administrators can disable the Agent. Hypervisors allow an opportunity with a layer beneath the OS that can be used to enforce that the Agent (or other processes) are protected.

For example, one might want to detect that the “Corporate Desktop” running virtual machine is running a process named “BESClient.exe” and that this process has a resource string named “Company” whose value is “BigFix, Inc.”

Administrative agent operations:

-   -   Inspect the process table of a running VM for a process by name         and resource file attribute.     -   When directed, compute the sha1 hash of a named process in a VM     -   AgentHelper command to display a message in the running VM.     -   AgentHelper command to reconfigure network to specified         configuration to limit access and to restore access.     -   AgentHelper command to disable and restore access to devices.

VMPAdmin API functionality:

-   -   Virtual Machine process enumeration         -   Given a running virtual machine image path, functions             traverse the process table, returning:             -   Process id, process name, process full path             -   Function to lookup a named resource in a file, given its                 full path and the name of the resource name.     -   Virtual Machine file attributes         -   Functions to compute sha1 of a file given its full path.         -   Function to compute size of a file given its full path     -   Virtual Machine user message display and response         -   Functions to display a message to a running VM.         -   Function to get response user gave to message box.     -   Virtual Machine network isolation         -   Functions to set network configuration from a file         -   Functions to get network configuration to a file.     -   Virtual Machine disable device         -   Functions to enable and disable access to devices.

With the protected agent, the vAgent 42 can look inside the VMs 82 to ensure that the Agent 81 is running If the Agent is not running, the vAgent has various options:

-   -   Report violation to server     -   Pop message to VM user     -   Restrict network access     -   Stop/pause VM     -   Install/Start Agent

FIG. 13 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing a heartbeat for a protected agent according to the invention. The protected agent allows the vAgent to monitor the Agents inside the VMs. In this embodiment, the vAgent (or helper app) listens on an event channel. The Agent in OS repeatedly sends a heartbeat message 290 on the event channel. If the vAgent does not see heartbeat message for X time period, a Fixlet (see BigFix of Emeryville, Calif.) becomes relevant that indicates that OS Agent is not working

If the vAgent notices that no agent is running in VM, possible remediation options include mounting a CD/USB drive to start or install agent, stopping the VM, and cutting off network access.

Offline Patching/Configuration Management

Some virtual machines are rarely started or run. As a result, they become more and more out of date, and therefore more and more vulnerable to known exploits. In this situation, as with Persistence mode (discussed above), the virtual machines can be brought up to date by periodically starting the image, allowing the embedded agent to apply any pent up policy actions, and then shutting the virtual machine down. This should enable the virus and spyware definitions to be brought up to date, as well as apply any patches or changes in configuration as specified by the system management deployment.

Starting an image that is not fully up to date exposes the system to exploits until it is updated. To reduce the likelihood that this occurs, it is desirable to bring up the image with only agent communications enabled. This can be accomplished by disabling all socket traffic except for the system management deployment port.

Administrative agent operations:

-   -   Configure the network to only allow egress/ingress traffic on         the deployment port to the VM     -   Boot the VM

Administrative agent modifications:

-   -   AgentHelper command to capture current network configuration of         a VM to a file     -   AgentHelper command to limit and restore VM networking         configuration.

Agent Operations:

-   -   Run all relevant actions and restarts then shutdown

Agent Modifications:

-   -   As in Persistence mode, agent needs to transition back to a         shutdown state when all actions and restarts are completed

VMPAdmin API functionality:

-   -   Virtual machine limit and restore network     -   Virtual machine disable and enable device

As with Persistence mode, offline patching when an end user is unaware that this is occurring, can lead to problematic situations. The end user can decide to power off the machine, or decide he wants to use the image that is being patched. In a server hosted virtual world, the server is never powered off, at least conceptually. It is therefore a safe operation to patch an image in an offline state. A solution that deals with all these complications would:

-   -   Preserve the last good state of the virtual machine so they are         always available to be started by the end user.     -   Not impact the end user by taking resources from his machine of         choice.     -   Notify the user that offline patching is taking place.     -   Insulate the end user from device allocation conflicts.

FIGS. 14-17 are a series of block schematic diagrams of a computer architecture showing offline patching and configuration management via the vAgent architecture according to the invention. In FIGS. 14-17, VM states 130 are shown by stop 131, pause 132, and play buttons 133.

In FIG. 14:

-   -   At pre-defined windows, vAgent triggers offline configuration         management     -   vAgent pauses the Primary VM (optional)     -   vAgent restricts all network access to VMs, except secured Agent         traffic     -   vAgent starts/unpauses images

In FIG. 15:

-   -   vAgent isolates network for VM 150     -   vAgent starts VM     -   Agent in VM starts running     -   After Agent in VM completes it shuts system down

In FIG. 16:

-   -   vAgent moves to next VM     -   If after pre-determined time, VM is not done, vAgent pauses         system until next window

In FIG. 17:

-   -   vAgent starts Primary VM again after window completes

Virtual Management Appliance (VMA) Architecture

FIG. 5 is discussed above in connection with the VMA architecture. One embodiment of the VMA comprises an Agent (vAgent) 50, a Relay (vRelay) 52, and a “Virtual Management Platform” 54 that runs in a vServer 42 within the hypervisor 30/32. The VMA has special privileges for inspection/management of the system, as is discussed in greater detail below.

For example, FIGS. 18 a and 18 b are block schematic diagrams of a computer architecture showing system inspection, agent communications, and management via the vAgent architecture according to the invention. FIG. 18 a shows inspection, as discussed below; while FIG. 18 b involves the use of a parent relay 55 for such procedure.

With regard to inspection:

-   -   Virtual Management Platform interfaces with the hypervisor to         allow inspection of system, for example:     -   VMs         -   Name, attributes, size, drivers, etc         -   States (Running, Stopped, Paused)     -   Hardware         -   CPU, memory, video card, etc.

With regard to management:

-   -   Virtual Management Platform interfaces with the hypervisor to         allow management of system     -   VM Management         -   Create, Delete, Start, Stop, Pause     -   Network Management         -   Control network options for system (bridge, NAT)         -   Control network options for VMs     -   Device Management         -   Enable/disable/read-only devices for each VM

With regard to agent communications:

-   -   Local Agents communicate through vRelay         -   More efficient         -   Easier to manage     -   vRelay communicates with Parent Relay     -   vRelay can be “promoted” to a full relay to service other         computers

Use Cases

FIG. 19 is a block schematic diagram showing feature mapping in an endpoint virtualization platform according to the invention. Within the herein disclosed hypervisor 30 are a plurality of client hypervisor APIs 85 which support a plurality of client hypervisor use cases 86. FIG. 19 shows one possible mapping of use cases to APIs, where the functionality exposed by the API supports the application enabled by the use case.

Client hypervisor APIs may be thought of as a tool box for establishing use cases, and such APIs in this embodiment include: physical device inspection 100, VM inspection, image management 101, disk management 102, device management 103, network management 104, introspection 105, and snapshot/freeze/rollback 106. Many other APIs may be established within the scope of the invention.

The following use cases are provided in an embodiment of the invention, although those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention is amenable to many other use cases: VM deployment 113, emergency VM 114, user data drive 115, offline patching 116, device management 117, “protected agent” 118, write filter 119, and agent w/vRelay 112.

Each use case is built upon hypervisor functionality that is exposed by the various APIs. For example, the VM deployment use case is built upon functionality exposed by the physical device inspection, VM inspection/image management, and disk management APIs.

The various APIs and use cases are discussed in greater detail below.

Security Partition, Including Out-of-Band Malware and Traffic Filtering

Technologies exist that allow appliances running in virtual machines to be configured to be security partitions, with permission to watch a variety low level data and events occurring in each of the virtual machines. For a security partition to perform its duties, it must be able to configure the hypervisor to pass events of interest to it. Events of interest include:

-   -   Loading a virtual memory page with execute permission     -   Passing low-level network communications packets thru logic that         is allowed to decide if the data should be allowed to pass     -   Modifying the hardware registers of the virtual machine when the         event service routine is exited, there by allowing the security         partition to modify the behavior of the virtual machine         executing the code     -   One can also envision a security partition that is provided with         a hole host of virtual machine introspection capabilities over         which the partition can observe departures from desired state

Disk Encryption

As users become increasingly mobile stolen or lost laptops are a major source of information leakage for the enterprise. There is a need to address security, compliance and personal concerns. In this embodiment individual VM image encryption, similar to full disk encryption contains the capabilities that can eliminate this leakage.

This embodiment will require several characteristics. Among them:

-   -   Procedure to recover data when password is lost     -   Procedure for creating, protecting, and backing up keys     -   Key and password rotation     -   Key and password complexity enforcement     -   Bootstrap from working OS on physical device to encrypted disk         VM     -   Key rotation for situations where key is exposed (requires         decrypt with old key/encrypt with new key). It is best if can         perform these operations in a fashion where power loss can occur         and you can pick up operation from where you left off.

In addition to the systems that currently exist for full disk encryption, VM encryption must also contain the ability to deal with decryption and exchange of keys across multiple hypervisors.

Trusted Computing Platform

Many enterprises would like assurances that the stack of software upon which their processes rely are in an expected state. A management layer that delivers out of band management even when the desktop images are failing is even more valued if the layer can provide some assurances that it has not been tampered with.

Trusted boot (tboot) is an open source project, specifically designed to verify that the Xen hypervisor and dom0 have proper hashes before they are bootstrapped. If the hash fails to match, it does not boot. There is also a TPM (trusted platform module) that can be loaded into dom0 that can detect if VM images are also in a known initial state. To establish a chain of trust, the following pieces of software should be valid:

-   -   Bios     -   Hypervisor     -   Dom0     -   Administrative environment     -   Administrative agent

The Administrative agent, with the help of introspectors, can establish even more confidence in the management of the overall system by detecting that each VM is running a proper and unaltered version of the agent. Trust can also be extended to include the emergency partition, or the corporate image.

Dual VM's

This is useful for situations where it is desirable to have multiple interactive desktops in use at once. An enterprise might like to separate personal and corporate work environments. It is also useful to have multiple running VMs in an OS migration scenario. It is also possible that particular vendor-specific applications can only run on particular versions of an operating system that is different than the primary workstation OS of a user. In this embodiment a user is able to have multiple running VMs, which are launched by the administrative agent.

The Administrative agent can set which VMs should boot and if the user is allowed to choose which VMs should be running It is also able to set what types of devices can be connected to particular running VMs, for example a USB dongle can be attached to a personal VM but not to a corporate VM. It is also able to set certain network rules, such as connectivity for a personal VM only to port 80 and 25.

In a migration scenario multiple interactive VMs allow an enterprise to migrate a VMs data from an older operating system to a new VM without losing the original VM through reimaging. This preserves possible downtime or lost data that occurs in a non-hypervisor environment.

Deployment

FIG. 20 is a block schematic diagram showing OS deployment in a state of the art computer architecture. In such system, the “bare metal” 70 a hardware 13 is configured 70 b with a pre-execution environment 72, to which imaged OS information 73 is added, and a resulting system 70 c that includes that OS 10 and an agent 20. The drawbacks and limitations of this approach are described above.

FIG. 21 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing OS deployment via the vAgent architecture according to the invention. In FIG. 21, the “bare metal” 70 hardware 12 is configured 80 a with the herein disclosed hypervisor 31/32 and VMA 42, and receives under control of the VMA one or more virtual machine installations from a VM repository 83. The resulting configuration 80 b establishes a system that comprises at least a primary VM 82 and related agent 81.

Flexible VM Deployment Options

FIG. 22 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing OS deployment options via the vAgent architecture according to the invention. As shown in FIG. 22, the VMA allows deployment of a primary VM 8 and related agent 81 (see FIG. 21) or a more sophisticated configuration that includes, for example but not limitation, a primary VM 82 and related agent 81, user data 90, a second virtual machine VM2 92 and related agent 93, and an emergency VM 94 and related agent 95. Thus, the invention allows for VMA control and supervision of any level and type of virtualized deployment.

Establishing Connectivity to Unresponsive Computers

This embodiment provides a collection of capabilities that allow remote access to each managed context. Some uses:

-   -   Diagnose network configuration issue     -   Diagnose agent failure to launch     -   Diagnose general user/helpdesk issues     -   Diagnose and possibly repair any issue for which physical access         to the machine is not required

In the most general form, this feature provides:

-   -   The ability to connect to a virtual machine that does not have         network access. It could be that the networking abilities of the         OS are misconfigured, yet we still want access so we can fix it.     -   The ability to connect to the Administrative environment in         which the Administrative agent is running     -   The ability to connect to any virtual machine hosted by the         hypervisor, even if it does not have a agent running on it.     -   The ability to connect to a virtual machine without installing         any software inside it.     -   This capability must be protected by a robust and easily         configured authentication mechanism.     -   The method should provide full GUI access (such as with VNC).

There is a complex problem that has a lot of moving pieces. A presently preferred implementation has these attributes:

-   -   Establish a secure and authenticated connection.     -   Facilitate authentication and password management.     -   Allow DOM0 access. From there the Administrative environment in         which the Administrative agent is running can be accessed. This         allows certain troubleshooting activity to be done.     -   Allow remote access into any VM running on the machine.     -   Assign KVM (keyboard, video, mouse) to the VM.     -   Provide for remote GUI and/or a terminal shell.     -   Share access to the active desktop, for helpdesk scenarios,         either for view-only or view and control.     -   Other useful features, such as:         -   Log connection events         -   Log transfer of control         -   On screen chat         -   microphone/speaker voice

FIG. 23 is a block schematic diagram of a computer architecture showing a network configuration for managing unresponsive computers according to another embodiment of the invention.

Users want to access and manage unresponsive computers instantly across the network by selecting the computer in the console interface. Users want to access and manage computers instantly across the network by running command line tools that integrate with other systems.

If an unresponsive computer shares a subnet with a responsive computer, no matter where they are in the relay hierarchy, it is possible to access the unresponsive computer within seconds.

Console

The console 210 has “right click” functionality that can target a single computer or a set of computers in any computer list. This functionality defaults to off, but can be turned on through a Dashboard API call. There is also a deployment option “kill switch” for this functionality. The Console sends a request to the Root Server 212 as a SOAP request with a set of ComputerIDs.

Server/Relay

The requests “enter” the server 212 through a SOAP post to the Root Server containing an arbitrary set of ComputerIDs. This interaction is meant to be open to third party integration: for example, an application 211 could get the ComputerIDs of computers in the “Pittsburgh Finance” department using a relevance query through the Web Reports SOAP API, and then could turn around and send that set of ComputerIDs to the root server.

The Server tracks three new pieces of information for each client: the MAC Address, the Subnet, and whether the client is willing to forward requests to other clients.

To send out a request, it uses the following algorithm:

-   -   Batch ComputerIDs into group by Subnet 214.     -   For each Subnet: Identify set of child Relays 213, 215 who have         clients that (a) are in the same Subnet and (b) are willing to         forward requests.     -   For each child Relay: Split the set of target computers 216-219         into batches of 20.     -   For each batch: Send an HTTP “HandleNotifyClient” request to the         child relay that includes the target Subnet and MAC Addresses of         all the target machines. Note that ComputerIDs are not sent to         the child relays.     -   Identify set of directly reporting clients that are (a) in the         same Subnet and (b) willing to forward requests.     -   For each child client: Split the set of target computers into         batches of 20, for each batch: Send a UDP “WoLF Packet” to the         child that includes the target Subnet and MAC Addresses of all         the target machines.     -   When a Relay receives a “HandleNotifyClient” request from its         parent, it follows essentially the same algorithm, i.e. it does         not need to know the ComputerIDs of its targets, and it may not         because they may be registered with another relay, because it         can do targeting using only the Subnet. Also, it does not have         to do any work to divide requests into batches because that has         already been done by the parent.

Note that a consequence of this design is that notifications sent in a DSA deployment always ends up relying on the “loop detection” behavior between the servers to complete their routing. This is a consequence of routing by subnet instead of Computer ID, i.e. the servers do not have a way of telling which server a message belongs to, so they can end up sending the message back the way it came.

Client

Registration. At registration time, the Client sends up MAC Address and Subnet information for up to three network adapters. The registration url has been modified to contain the network adapter info by adding up to three instances of:

AdapterInfo=<mac address>_<cidr string>_<IP address>_<wolf enabled> where: <mac address> is the mac address formatted in hex digits with embedded dashes (0a-ff-00-0d-23-76). <cidr string> is the subnet mask in cidr notation (192.168.100.0/24). <IP address> is the IP address of the particular network adapter (192.168.100.23) <wolf enabled> is 1 if the client is configured as a wake on LAN forwarder.

The client's parent Relay looks at the set of adapter information to see if any of the adapters match the IP address that the Client appears to be using to connect to the Relay. If it finds a match, it sends information on that single adapter up to its parent, so that the Subnet and MAC Address of the client are known all the way back to the Root Server, and back down to the Client, so that the Client knows which adapter it is using to talk to its parent.

Note that in this embodiment Relays are never able to resolve this information for Clients registering through NAT. If the information is not available, then the Client cannot be targeted for messages. The client receives confirmation that it is supposed to respond to forwarding packets by the presence of an http header labeled ‘x bes wakeonlan adapterinfo’ in the response to the registration attempt. If this response is not present, the forwarding functionality of the client is disabled.

When a relay's local client registers, the relay can not tell which adapter the client is using because the connection appears to come from 127.0.0.1. The relay forwards the set of adapter infos to the next parent, so that the same IP resolution mechanism can be used by the parent, and then the relay listens to the parent response to update its own registration list.

When the local client on a root server registers, the root server uses the first adapter that the client provides.

“Magic Packet” Forwarding

When the client receives a WoLF packet, it adds the set of MAC Addresses in the packet to its WakeOnLAN “Pending” list. The Client attempts to clear its “Pending” list at a maximum rate of about ten addresses per second by default: this setting is configurable. When the Client decides to send a “Magic Packet” it sends it out as a broadcast UDP message on the local subnet. This means that everyone in the subnet who is listening on the UDP port (usually 52311) receives the packet. Devices that are not listening on 52311 may send back “not listening” responses to the sender. Most importantly, the contents of the magic packet are detected by the target machine, and cause it to wake up.

When the Client sees a “Magic Packet” arrive on its UDP port, it checks the MAC Address in that packet against its “Pending” list. If the address is in the “Pending” list, it marks that entry as ‘no longer pending’ so as not to send the packet out redundantly, and it might also recognize that a “collision” has taken place. A “collision” means that the client had also sent a magic packet that matched the mac address sometime since the last time the list was emptied (see below).

Redundant WakeOnLAN requests generate unnecessary network traffic. To avoid excess network traffic, Clients go into a “quiet” mode when they detect they are colliding. The Client compares its IP Address with the IP Address of the Client it collided with. If it has a numerically lower IP address it stays active, otherwise it goes quiet. The “quiet” Client waits for 60 seconds before trying to respond to WoLF requests, so that the dominant Client has a chance to respond to the request, and redundancy is thus reduced. However, if the dominant Client does not appear to forward the WakeOnLAN request within 60 seconds, the “quiet” Client assumes that the dominant Client has left the Subnet or gone to sleep, and goes back 60 seconds. The “quiet” Client assumes that the dominant Client has left the Subnet or gone to sleep, and goes back to forwarding requests as soon as they arrive.

The clients empty their “Pending” lists after ten minutes of wake on LAN inactivity. Therefore, the forwarding is only capable of sending magic packets to wake up a particular computer after the subnet has been quiet of traffic for ten minutes.

To limit the size of the pending list, the client takes advantage of the fact that there are not more machines on the subnet than can be assigned IP addresses. On a/24 subnet, the client makes room for 255 items in its pending list. The client does not create a pending list larger than 1023 items in size.

“Client Configuration Settings”

The following settings control client wake on LAN forwarding functionality:

_BESClient_Comm_WakeOnLANForwardingEnable defaults to 0. Set to 1 to enable wake on LAN forwarding. In addition, to enable this functionality, setting _BESClient_Comm_ListenEnable must be set to 1. _BESClient_Comm_WakeOnLANForwardingPacketsPerSecond defaults to 10. Minimum of 1, maximum of 100. Rate at which clients will keep total subnet traffic (ignoring redundant messages). _BESClient_Comm_WakeOnLANForwardingSubnetPassword defaults to no password. Some NIC cards can be configured with a wake on LAN password. In this case, the magic packet looks different and includes the password. _BESClient_Comm_WakeOnLANForwardingDebugLogging defaults to 0. Set to 1 to enable wake on LAN forwarding debug logging. Note that the debug messages go to the emsg log, so the emsg log must be enabled as well. Also note that the emsg detail must be set to at least 10. All wake on LAN debug messages are tagged with “UDPMessage”.

The regular log also contains one of the following:

SetupListener as wake-on-LAN forwarder(AdapterInfo=<from server>) SetupListener failed to initialize as wake-on-LAN forwarder(AdapterInfo= . . . )

SetupListener ShutdownListener DSA

The WakeOnLAN functionality interacts with DSA in the same way that other ClientRegister interactions do:

Registration interactions go straight to a single Root Server, and then the information provided by the registrations is periodically exchanged between Root Servers.

For downstream purposes, a Root Server thinks of its adjacent Root Servers as “Child Relays”. It is possible that some Root Servers are not adjacent, and are reached through another Root Server.

Note that the WakeOnLAN functionality requires up to date registration information to determine the correct Subnet for a target client. If the information in the registration list is incorrect, then WakeOnLAN requests fail. Whenever a Client changes its Subnet, the information becomes incorrect, but any changes to its network interfaces should trigger a new registration. Although this is not always the case, i.e. minimum registration intervals can prevent Clients who change locations frequently from registering every time they change location. Once the registration is complete, the direct Root Server has up to date information, but sibling Root Servers continue to have the out of date information until ClientRegister replication takes place.

Magic Packet Passwords

Wake on LAN magic packets contain a spot for an eight-character password. Network adapters that can be configured to wake up the computer on receipt of a magic packet can also be configured to require a password as a part of the packet. Magic packets travel in the clear on the subnet and so the passwords are exposed to other machines on the subnet.

The limited security the passwords provide depends on how far the passwords travel. Implementations that send the passwords through other network segments in the clear, would be defeating the only plausible security the passwords provide. The existing implementation provides a simple level of support for those users that want to use magic packet passwords.

Reimaging

FIGS. 24 a-24 e are block schematic diagrams of a computer architecture showing a reimaging operation according to the invention.

In FIG. 24 a, three virtual machines 220, 221, 222 reside in a relay and image repository 223. A computer 224 includes a vAgent 225 which is accessed to reimage the computer, which currently has a virtual machine 226. A storage 227 is also provided.

In FIG. 24 b, any unnecessary virtual machines are deleted.

In FIG. 24 c, the VMs to be installed are prepared and copied.

In FIG. 24 d, the new VM 230 is installed, and VM configuration 231, boot menu, and devices are set up.

In FIG. 24 e, OS configuration scripts 233 are injected for initial system setup.

VMP Functionality

Managing the Host Operating System from the Administrative Agent

Inspecting the Host

Because the host operating system is composed of software, it needs management. A typical set of Linux agent inspectors allows visibility and control of this context.

However, to the extent that the host operating system context is obscured from the administrative context, as would be the case by instantiating the Administrative agent in a vServer, functionality available to a root processes running in the host operating system must be made available to the Administrative agent running inside the vServer.

Note that the following is not a functional decomposition of properties that must be exposed, but rather a list of operating system API's that need to function the same way when called from the Administrative agent context as if they were called from a root process running on the host operating system. If we were to run the Administrative agent in a virtual machine, we would need to implement and formalize techniques for interacting with the host operating system to manage it.

The native API's used by the BigFix (Emeryville, Calif.) Linux inspector library are:

file system read access to hosts files especially/proc and/dev, file system APIs access chmod close closedir fclose fcntl feof fgetc fgets fopen fread fseek fsync ftell ftruncate64 fwrite ioctl lseek lseek64 mkdir mkdtemp mkstemp open opendir read readdir_r readlink rename rmdir scandir symlink umask ungetc unlink utimes write mounted file system enumeration statfs statvfs launch process in host, wait for it to exit, get exit code fork waitpid putenv process enumeration in host, (file system access to/proc) errno -- pass back error info from failed indirect calls login session enumeration (users) getutid endutent getutent setutent user groups getgrgid_r network configuration freeaddrinfo getaddrinfo getifaddrs freeifaddrs IP address of host gethostbyname_r domain name and hostname of current host getdomainname gethostname user accounts inspection getpwuid_r getpwnam_r OS configuration of host computer uname localtime_r nl_langinfo setlocale

The above represents existing inspection capabilities. For the use cases disclosed herein, it is necessary to extend the inspection abilities to include:

-   -   packages installed in host     -   peripheral device characteristics         -   types of removable devices—such as USB, CDROM         -   mounted of removable devices         -   access rules of removable devices         -   manufacturer of mounted removable devices         -   serial number of mounted removable devices         -   label of mounted removable devices

It would be useful to collect other properties of the network configuration:

-   -   DHCP enabled     -   DHCP server     -   Dns server     -   Gateway list     -   Wake on LAN enabled     -   Lease expires     -   Link speed     -   Type of network connection (wireless, Ethernet)     -   Connection status of connection (connected, disconnected)     -   MTU     -   Manufacturer of network device

Modifying the Host Using VMPAdmin Functions

It is necessary to cause a shutdown or restart of the host computer.

To manage the host OS from the Administrative agent, the following capabilities are necessary:

-   -   copy, move, delete files in the host OS     -   create and delete folders in the host OS     -   copy files to or from the host OS and the administrative context     -   create a file given a name and contents in the host OS     -   run arbitrary shell script as root in the host OS     -   run arbitrary executable as root in the host OS         Managing the vServer from the Administrative Agent         Inspecting the vServer

The current set of Linux agent inspectors allows sufficient visibility into the state of the administrative environment to manage it.

Modifying the vServer

The current set of operations currently offered by the Linux agents is sufficient to manage the vServer context.

Managing Source Images from the Administrative Agent

Source Image Enumeration and Identifying Attributes

VMPAdmin API's for enumerating source images which should provide these identifying properties:

-   -   Name     -   Image path

Source Image Attributes

VMPAdmin API's for accessing these additional attributes of a source image:

-   -   Capture time of source image     -   Capture computer name of source image     -   Operating system of source image     -   Architecture of source image         Virtual Machine Operations from the Administrative Agent

Create a Virtual Machine

Configure resources of a virtual machine

-   -   See Settable Virtual Machine attributes     -   See Settable Virtual Machine device attributes

Configuring the boot menu of a virtual machine

VMPAdmin API's should allow configuration of the boot menu:

-   -   API to get current ‘Boot menu enabled’, and for each virtual         machine,     -   API to get Boolean indicating the machine should appear in boot         list     -   API to get name as it would appear in the boot list     -   API to enable or disable boot menu for machine     -   API to enable or disable listing of each VM in boot menu     -   API to set name that will appear in boot list of VM in boot menu     -   API to Configure VM boot order. For each virtual machine, be         able to specify an ordering integer. If these are ambiguous, put         them alphabetically in the boot list.         Bootstrap Virtual machine

VMPAdmin API's should allow the bootstrap of a virtual machine from an image source:

-   -   Specify source image     -   Configure virtual machine to mount CDROM/ISO/boot source image         file for mounting to VM     -   Specify resource allocation, image path, VM name, OS is booted,         VM attributes are captured.

Change Running State of Virtual Machine

A VMPAdmin API is required to change the running state of virtual machines:

-   -   Start a VM     -   Shutdown/Restart a VM     -   Pause VM     -   Resume VM

Delete a Virtual Machine

A VMPAdmin API is required to delete a virtual machine and its data from disk:

-   -   Remove a VM image.     -   Remove a VM image with secure wipe.         Managing VM Containers from the Administrative Agent

Virtual Machine Enumeration and Identifying Attributes

VMPAdmin API's to enumerating virtual machines should provide these identifying attributes:

-   -   Name     -   Image path     -   GUID (need a technique to generate these uniquely)

Note: It is desirable that the enumeration functions produce the virtual machines in the same order they are traversed when processing the device access rules.

Virtual Machine Attributes

VMPAdmin API's to access these additional attributes of a virtual machine:

-   -   Creation time of virtual machine     -   CPU allocation of virtual machine     -   RAM allocation of virtual machine     -   Disk allocation of virtual machine     -   Network adapter allocation of virtual machine     -   Last run time of virtual machine     -   Last boot time of virtual machine     -   Running state of virtual machine (running, paused, stopped)     -   Show in boot menu of virtual machine     -   Boot menu entry of virtual machine     -   Boot menu order of virtual machine     -   Primary VM of virtual machine     -   Device access rules of virtual machine     -   Device pass-through attributes of virtual machine

Settable Virtual Machine Attributes

VMPAdmin API's to set these virtual machine attributes

-   -   CPU allocation of virtual machine     -   RAM allocation of virtual machine     -   Disk allocation of virtual machine     -   Network adapter allocation of virtual machine     -   Name of virtual machine     -   Device access rules of virtual machine     -   Show in boot menu of virtual machine     -   Boot menu entry of virtual machine     -   Primary VM of virtual machine

Configured Device Enumeration and Identifying Attributes

VMPAdmin API's to enumerate configured devices of a virtual machine producing these identifying attributes:

-   -   Device id—unique id of the device

Configured Device Attributes

VMPAdmin API's to access these additional attributes of a configured device:

-   -   Name of device     -   Type of device     -   Device pass-through mode     -   Device access rules     -   Mounted of device     -   Manufacturer of media in device     -   Serial number of media in device     -   Label of media in device

Note: It is desirable that the enumeration functions produce the access rules in the same order they are traversed when processing the device access rules.

Settable Virtual Machine Device Attributes

VMPAdmin API's to set virtual machine device attributes:

-   -   Set pass-through of device given the virtual machine image name         and the device id.

Attach/Detach Device to

VMPAdmin API functionality:

-   -   API's to attach or detach a device to a virtual machine given         the device id.

Virtual Machine Process Enumeration and Identifying Attributes

VMPAdmin API's to enumerate processes running in a virtual machine producing these identifying attributes:

-   -   process id     -   process full path as seen inside virtual machine     -   process start time.

Virtual Machine Process Attributes

VMPAdmin API's to get these attributes of a file (given its full path as seen inside the virtual machine):

-   -   Version number.     -   Size     -   Creation time     -   Last modification time     -   Sha1     -   Value of named resource

Virtual Machine Network Isolation

VMPAdmin API's to limit and restore network traffic to a virtual machine. these attributes of a file, given its full path as seen inside the virtual machine:

Virtual Machine Disable Device

VMPAdmin API's to disable and restore access to a device to a virtual machine.

Virtual Machine Persistence Mode

VMPAdmin API's to set persistence mode of a virtual machine.

VMPGuest Functions

Get VM Agent Communications Configuration

-   -   VMPGuest API to query communications configuration (parent relay         to gather, report, download from).

Get device pass-through configuration

-   -   VMPGuest API to query current device pass-through configuration         given device ID

VMPAdmin—Data Drive Functions Data Drives Enumeration and Identifying Attributes

VMPAdmin API's to enumerate data drives and producing these identifying attributes:

-   -   Name     -   Image path     -   GUID (need a technique to generate these uniquely)

Data Drive Attributes

VMPAdmin API's to get these attributes of a data drive:

-   -   Creation date     -   File system type     -   Size     -   Used Size     -   Path     -   Share name     -   date last modified     -   date last mounted     -   mount status     -   names of VMs in which it is currently mounted,     -   names of VMs in which it is configured to be mounted

Data Drive Operations

VMPAdmin API's to perform these operations of data drives:

-   -   Create a data drive given size, file system type, path, and data         drive name     -   Configure a data drive for mount/unmount on boot given a VM name         and data drive name     -   Delete a data drive given a path and data drive name     -   Provide the ability to mount/unmount drive in a Administrative         environment while also mounted in VM     -   Provide the ability to set the persistence mode of the data         drive independent of the persistence mode of the virtual machine         in which it is mounted.

VMPAdmin—Miscellaneous Operations Set Network Mode

-   -   VMPAdmin API to set network mode to Bridge or NAT. As a part of         this, IP forwarding rules must also be setup in the host         context.

VMPAdmin to VMPGuest Communications

Information must flow between the VMPAdmin to the VMPGuest and back. Interactions are queries from the VMPGuest to the VMPAdmin for configuration information, as well as commands from the VMPAdmin to the VMPGuest. For instance, if the VMPGuest is running, it can be used by the VMPAdmin to display a message to the end user. This implies that the VMPAdmin can send commands to the VMPGuest as well. An embodiment of the invention establishes an opaque protocol where the requests can be sent and responses received without any understanding of the contents of the requests or responses.

These take the form of:

-   -   VMPAdmin function to send opaque data to VMGuest given VMGUID     -   VMPAdmin function to receive opaque data from VMGuest, collects         data and VMGUID. It is important that no cross talk between         guests is allowed.     -   VMPGuest function to send opaque data to VMPAdmin.     -   VMPGuest function to receive opaque data from VMPAdmin. Note         that no other VMPGuest should be able to see this data (it         should not appear in other VMGuest memory).

Using the above, VMGuest to VMGuest communications is also possible with coordination and approval of the VMPAdmin.

Set VM Agent Communications Configuration

-   -   VMPAdmin API to set VM agent IP address to register through and         parent relay to gather, report, and download from because it         bypasses the forwarder for these communications and communicate         directly with the parent relay selected by the Administrative         agent.

Delete Physical

The VMPAdmin API should be able to wipe an entire disk (hypervisor, Debian, all VM's, vServer, etc.) A form of this should perform a secure wipe of the disk bytes.

End User—Message Display and Response

VMPAdmin API's to display a message box to the end user, and get back response. In an embodiment, the API to display the message box receives a text string to display, and some configuration of what user interface buttons to display (Okay, done, cancel), and it returns a response id, and the API to collect the response can specify which response id is to be collected.

Relay Implementation

The following inspectors are required to support relay selection and registration:

VMPAdmin API functionality and VMPAgent API functionality

-   -   AdministrativeAgent=true if client is running in a         Administrative environment,     -   VMAgent=true if client is running in a VM     -   AdministrativeRelay=true if relay is running inside the         Administrative environment.     -   AdministrativeForwarder=true if NotificationForwarder is running     -   BridgeMode=true if running in bridge network mode     -   NATMode=true if running in NAT network mode

Relay Selection Agent Logic—pseudo code of relay selection that works in either Administrative agent, the VM agent, or an agent running on a physical machine:

   if ( ‘AdministrativeAgent’ )   if ( ‘AdministrativeRelay’ )    select parent relay based on configuration.    Register on loopback with IP address of     NATMode: host as notification IP address     BridgeMode: vServer as notification IP address    Set VM Communications Configuration (let VM agents   relay select)   Else if ‘AdministrativeForwarder’    select parent relay based on configuration.    Register on loopback with IP address of     NATMode: host as notification IP address     BridgeMode: vServer as notification IP address    Set VM Communications Configuration     Set gathering IP address to parent relay     Set local registration IP address to vServer IP    address   Else    Select parent relay based on configuration    Register non-loopback with IP address of:     NATMode: host as notification IP address     BridgeMode: vServer as notification IP address    Set VM Communications Configuration     Set gathering IP address to parent relay     Set local registration IP address to parent relay   endif  else if ( ‘VMAgent’ )   if(local registration IP address is not empty ))    register with local registration IP address with NAT address    Get VM Communications Configuration   else    Select parent relay based on configuration    Register non-loopback with IP address of:     NATMode: host as notification IP address     BridgeMode: vServer as notification IP address    Communicate with selected parent relay   endif  else   // normal client relay selection behavior   ...  endif VMPAdmin API functionality

-   -   API's for inspecting all items listed above     -   APIs to perform these operations or changes of state:         -   NAT mode/bridge mode. This needs to also setup the port             forwarding rule to send deployment traffic to the             Administrative environment.         -   Set VM Agent Communications configuration

VMPGuest API functionality

-   -   API's for inspecting all items listed above     -   API to Get VM Agent Communications Configuration

Virtual Machine Properties

These attributes should be available about each virtual machine from the Administrative agent context.

-   -   General Attributes of each virtual machine:         -   a. Name of virtual machine         -   b. Boot menu name of virtual machine         -   c. GUID of virtual machine         -   d. Path of image virtual machine         -   e. Size of image virtual machine         -   f. last modified time of virtual machine         -   g. last boot time of virtual machine         -   h. running state of virtual machine     -   Attributes of image at capture time:         -   a. capture time of source image         -   b. capture name of source image         -   c. capture computer of source image         -   d. operating system of source image         -   e. architecture of source image     -   Attributes captured at VM provisioning time:         -   a. creation date of provisioned virtual machine         -   b. source image of provisioned virtual machine             -   i. capture time of source image of provisioned virtual                 machine             -   ii. capture name of source image of provisioned virtual                 machine             -   iii. capture computer of source image of provisioned                 virtual machine             -   iv. operating system of source image of provisioned                 virtual machine             -   v. architecture of source image of provisioned virtual                 machine.     -   Resources allotted to virtual machine:         -   a. CPU         -   b. RAM         -   c. Disk         -   d. Devices             -   i. access rules             -   ii. driver model (pass-through, or hypervisor)     -   Network configuration:         -   a. VM status (running paused, stopped)         -   b. VM Name         -   c. GUID of virtual machine         -   d. Disk image file     -   Image attributes saved when image is captured:         -   ImageSourceComputer=name of machine on which image was             captured.         -   SourceOperatingSystem=name of OS         -   Architecture=(x86, ia64, x64, etc.)         -   TimeCaptured=seconds since epoch         -   FriendlyTimeCaptured=Mime time         -   DiskSizeAtCapture=disk space used at time of capture (as             seen from the agent)     -   Other image attributes:         -   time VM was last modified         -   time VM was last boot time         -   time VM was created

Machine Implementation

FIG. 25 is a block schematic diagram of a machine in the exemplary form of a computer system 1600 within which a set of instructions for causing the machine to perform any one of the foregoing methodologies may be executed. In alternative embodiments, the machine may comprise or include a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, personal digital assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a Web appliance or any machine capable of executing or transmitting a sequence of instructions that specify actions to be taken.

The computer system 1600 includes a processor 1602, a main memory 1604 and a static memory 1606, which communicate with each other via a bus 1608. The computer system 1600 may further include a display unit 1610, for example, a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT). The computer system 1600 also includes an alphanumeric input device 1612, for example, a keyboard; a cursor control device 1614, for example, a mouse; a disk drive unit 1616, a signal generation device 1618, for example, a speaker, and a network interface device 1628.

The disk drive unit 1616 includes a machine-readable medium 1624 on which is stored a set of executable instructions, i.e. software, 1626 embodying any one, or all, of the methodologies described herein below. The software 1626 is also shown to reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 1604 and/or within the processor 1602. The software 1626 may further be transmitted or received over a network 1630 by means of a network interface device 1628.

In contrast to the system 1600 discussed above, a different embodiment uses logic circuitry instead of computer-executed instructions to implement processing entities. Depending upon the particular requirements of the application in the areas of speed, expense, tooling costs, and the like, this logic may be implemented by constructing an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) having thousands of tiny integrated transistors. Such an ASIC may be implemented with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), transistor-transistor logic (TTL), very large systems integration (VLSI), or another suitable construction. Other alternatives include a digital signal processing chip (DSP), discrete circuitry (such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, inductors, and transistors), field programmable gate array (FPGA), programmable logic array (PLA), programmable logic device (PLD), and the like.

It is to be understood that embodiments may be used as or to support software programs or software modules executed upon some form of processing core (such as the CPU of a computer) or otherwise implemented or realized upon or within a machine or computer readable medium. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine, e.g., a computer. For example, a machine readable medium includes read-only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; flash memory devices; electrical, optical, acoustical or other form of propagated signals, for example, carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.; or any other type of media suitable for storing or transmitting information.

Although the invention is described herein with reference to the preferred embodiment, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that other applications may be substituted for those set forth herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the invention should only be limited by the Claims included below. 

1. A method for remote access to a plurality of managed contexts, comprising: providing a hypervisor-resident, policy-based, virtual management agent running in a privileged context and configured to manage at least one host OS from outside said OS, said host OS comprising a virtual machine (VM) running on an underlying hardware-based device; and further comprising using said virtual management agent for any of: connecting to a VM that does not have network access; connecting to an administrative environment in which an administrative agent is running; connecting to any VM hosted by said hypervisor, even if said VM does not have an agent running on it; and connecting to a VM without installing any software inside said VM.
 2. The method of claim 1, said connecting comprising any of: establishing a secure and authenticated connection; facilitating authentication and password management; allowing DOM0 access from which an administrative environment in which an administrative agent is running is accessed to effect troubleshooting activity; allowing remote access into any VM running on said underlying hardware-based device; assigning a keyboard, video, and a mouse to said VM; providing for remote GUI and/or a terminal shell; sharing access to an active desktop, for helpdesk scenarios, either for view-only or view and control; and for any of logging connection events, logging transfer of control, on-screen chat; and microphone/speaker voice.
 3. A method for individual virtual machine (VM) image encryption, comprising: providing a hypervisor-resident, policy-based, virtual management agent running in a privileged context and configured to manage at least one host OS from outside said OS, said host OS comprising a VM running on an underlying hardware-based device; and encrypting an image of said VM.
 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: using said virtual management agent for any of: recovering data when a password is lost; creating, protecting, and backing up keys; key and password rotation; key and password complexity enforcement; bootstrapping from a working OS on a physical device to said encrypted VM image; key rotation for situations where said key is exposed; decrypting said VM image; and exchanging keys across multiple hypervisors.
 5. A method for endpoint-hosted hypervisor management, comprising; providing a hypervisor-resident, policy-based, virtual management agent running in a privileged context and configured to manage at least one host OS from outside said OS, said host OS comprising a virtual machine (VM) running on an underlying hardware-based device; providing at least one appliance running in said VM and configured in a security partition with permission to watch a variety low level data and events occurring in said VM.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said security partition configures said hypervisor to pass events of interest to it comprising: loading a virtual memory page with execute permission.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein said security partition configures said hypervisor to pass events of interest to it comprising: passing low-level network communications packets through logic that is allowed to decide if data should be allowed to pass.
 8. The method of claim 5, wherein said security partition configures said hypervisor to pass events of interest to it comprising: modifying hardware registers of said VM when an event service routine is exited, thereby allowing said security partition to modify behavior of the VM executing code.
 9. The method of claim 5, wherein said security partition configures said hypervisor to pass events of interest to it comprising: providing one or more VM introspection capabilities over which said security partition can observe departures from a desired state.
 10. A method for end of life transition in a hardware-based device, comprising: providing a hypervisor-resident, policy-based, virtual management agent running in a privileged context and configured to manage at least one host OS from outside said OS, said host OS comprising a virtual machine (VM) running on an underlying hardware-based device.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: removing data by any of deleting desktop images and clearing an entire disk with an administrative agent.
 12. The method of claim 10, said administrative agent enumerating VMs.
 13. The method of claim 10, said administrative agent deleting bytes of a VM with optional secure wipe
 14. The method of claim 10, said administrative agent deleting all bytes from a physical disk with optional secure wipe.
 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of: providing at least one inspector configured to enumerate VMs.
 16. The method of claim 10, further comprising said virtual management agent stopping said VM.
 17. The method of claim 10, further comprising said virtual management agent mounting a VM disk.
 18. The method of claim 10, further comprising said virtual management agent running a tool to wipe bytes from said VM disk.
 19. The method of claim 10, further comprising said virtual management agent removing VM and deleting said VM disk.
 20. A storage medium containing therein program instructions which, when executed by a processor, perform the method of claim
 1. 